To naturalize you usually need to be a permanent resident for 5 years (or 3 if married to a citizen), meet physical-presence and good-moral-character requirements, and pass the English and civics tests. Since October 20, 2025, the civics test uses a 128-question bank and you must answer 12 of 20 correctly.
Quick answer
To naturalize you usually need: to be a permanent resident for 5 years (or 3 if married to a citizen), meet physical-presence and good-moral-character requirements, and pass the English and civics tests. Since October 20, 2025, the civics test is longer: a 128-question bank, and you must answer 12 of 20 correctly.
Main requirements
- Residence: generally 5 years as a permanent resident (3 if through marriage to a citizen).
- Physical presence: present in the U.S. for half the required time, without long absences that break continuity.
- Good moral character: no certain records during the required period.
- English and civics: pass both tests (with age/residence exceptions and medical waivers).
- Age: 18 or older.
The new civics test (since October 2025)
| Aspect | Before | Since Oct 20, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Question bank | 100 | 128 |
| Questions on the test | up to 10 | up to 20 |
| Needed to pass | 6 | 12 |
The new test puts more emphasis on history and government. People 65 or older with 20 years of residence can take a simplified 10-question version.
The steps
- Confirm your eligibility (years, presence, moral character).
- File Form N-400 with the correct fee.
- Attend biometrics (fingerprints).
- Interview and tests in English and civics.
- Oath and citizenship.
Fees and times
- N-400 fee: $760 by mail / $710 online. Reduced fee $380 for income between 150% and 400% of the federal poverty guidelines.
- Time: in 2026, 8 to 13 months (one of the fastest). Check current times.
Keep reading
Frequently asked questions
How did the civics test change in 2025?
For every N-400 filed on or after October 20, 2025, the bank grew to 128 questions. The officer asks up to 20 questions and you must answer 12 correctly to pass. People 65 or older with 20 years of residence can take a simplified 10-question version.
How much does the N-400 cost?
The fee is $760 by mail or $710 online. Those with income between 150% and 400% of the federal poverty guidelines may pay $380 (half). Verify the amount and waivers on the USCIS fee calculator.
How long does naturalization take?
In 2026 the N-400 usually takes 8 to 13 months, one of the fastest USCIS processes. Times vary by office; check the official tool.
Can I skip the English test?
There are exceptions based on age and years of residence (for example, 50/20 or 55/15) and medical waivers with Form N-648. A lawyer or organization can confirm whether you qualify.
Official sources
Verified against primary sources on June 3, 2026. Immigration law changes fast, always confirm at the official source before acting.
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